The Ten Commandments
A book by Joseph Lewis
Endnotes (converted from Footnotes)
The Eighth Commandment
The Ten Commandments
A book by Joseph Lewis
Endnotes (converted from Footnotes)
The Eighth Commandment
8-1 P. Wheelwright, A Critical Introduction to Ethics, p. 225.
8-2 Westermarck, Morals, Vol. 1, p. 187.
8-3 New York Journal, May 15, 1934.
8-4 Reader's Digest, Sept., 1938.
8-5 New York American, May 17, 1934.
8-6 New York Times, Apr. 26, 1924.
8-7 For a detailed account of innocent men suffering the penalty of guilt, see Edwin M. Borchard, Convicting the Innocent.
8-8 New York Times, Mar. 3, 1942.
8-9 Timon of Athens, Act 4, sc. 3.
8-10 Lecky, Morals, Vol. 1, p. 119.
8-11 Ellis, The Criminal, p. 240.
8-12 Westermarck Morals, Vol. 2, p. 103.
8-13 Westermarck, Morals, Vol. 2, p. 733; also Robber Barons, p. 19.
8-14 New York Daily Mirror, Jan. 10, 1935.
8-15 Ingersoll, Crimes against Criminals, Vol. 11, p. 165.
8-16 Farrar, The Voice from Sinai, p. 236.
8-17 Hayes, Ten Commandments, p. 144.
8-18 New York Times, Apr. 3, 1933
8-19 New York Herald Tribune, Mar. 28, 1931.
8-20 Westermarck, Morals, Vol. 1, p. 286.
8-21 Ellis, op. cit., p. 297.
8-22 Jerome Hall, Theft, Law and Society, pp. 18-49.
8-23 Hall, Theft, Law and Society, p. 91.
8-24 J. Gould, Three Hundred Stories to Tell, p. 57.
8-25 Ernest R. Groves, Personalities and Social Adjustment, p. 98.
8-26 Ellis, The Criminal, p. 254.
8-27 Quoted, Ellis, p. 253.
8-28 For similar cases, see William Healy, Honesty, pp. 163-169.
8-29 New York Evening Journal, Apr. 7, 1930.
8-30 New York American, Mar. 26, 1935.
8-31 New York Times, Dec. 29, 1934.
8-32 New York Times, Oct. 13, 1934.
8-33 Ibid., Mar. 6, 1937.
8-34 New York World-Telegram, Jan. 11, 1938.
8-35 Ellis, Studies in Psychology of Sex, Vol. 7, pp. 483, 484.
8-36 New York Evening Journal, Jan. 30, 1930.
8-37 Charles Mercier, Criminal Responsibility, p. 223 See also Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis.
8-38 George S. Dougherty, The Criminal as a Human Being, p. 177.
8-39 Ibid., p. 180.
8-40 New York Sun, Mar. 8, 1944.
8-41 It is not so very long since the insane were imprisoned. Today, however, we have asylums for the "criminally" insane -- that is, for those who have been guilty of committing some crime against property or persons while suffering from some form of insanity, thereby mitigating the severity of the punishment.
8-42 Crawley, Oath, Curse and Bible Blessing, pp. 4-17.
8-43 The taboo of stealing and the resultant curse survive today in an expression which is still common. You often heat a person who has been accused of stealing say, "If I stole this thing, may l [or my wife or children] die."
8-44 Crawley, op. cit., p. 10.
8-45 Ibid., p. 32.
8-46 Westermarck, Morals, Vol. 2, p. 4.
8-47 Ibid., pp. 20-24.
8-48 E. P. Evans Evolutionary Ethics, p. 24.
8-49 Westermarck, Morals, Vol. 1, p. 24.
8-50 Evans, op. cit., p. 24.
8-51 J. M. Powis Smith, The Origin and History of Hebrew Law, p. 49.
8-52 John M. Zane, The Story of Law, p. 101.
8-53 Crawley, Oath, Curse and Blessing, pp. 4-17.
8-54 Frazer, The Golden Bough, "Taboo and the Perils of the Soul," p. 218.
8-55 Ninth Commandment: "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor." Tenth Commandment: "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's goods."
8-56 See The Ethics of Hercules.
8-57 See "Culture and Human Behavior," by Dr. McClellan S. Ford, in Scientific Monthly, Dec., 1942.
8-58 Westermarck, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 63.
8-59 Westermarck, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 623.
8-60 Ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 58-65.
8-61 Ibid" p. 64.
8-62 Ibid., Vol. 1, p. 65.
8-63 Westermarck, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 68, 69.
8-64 Ibid., p. 69.
8-65 Hastings, Encyclopædia, Vol. 7, p. 794.
8-66 Westermarck, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 65-68.
8-67 Ibid., Vol. 1, p. 61.
8-68 Breasted, The Dawn of Conscience, p. 373.
8-69 Westermarck, op. cit., Col. 2, p. 65.
8-70 There are people who, when they secure something of value, spit upon it as their mark of ownership.
8-71 Ernest T. Seton, The Ten Commandments in the Animal World, pp. 33-46.
8-72 Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 9, p. 162.
8-73 Idelsohn, Ceremonies of Judaism, p. 64.
8-74 Ibid.
8-75 Idelsohn, Ceremonies of Judaism, p. 65.
8-76 Morgan. The Ten Commandments, p. 88.
8-77 Ibid., P. 93.
8-78 Joseph McCabe, The Popes and Their Church, p. 188.
8-79 Lecky, Morals, Vol. 2, p. 253.
8-80 Brooklyn Times Union, June 3, 1934.
8-81 Rev. Hugh Pope, The Doctrine of Indulgences, p. 3.
8-82 C. R. B. Freeman, Priestcraft, p. 73.
8-83 Little Blue Book 1130, p. 40.
8-84 Joseph Rhys, The Reliquary, p. 37.
8-85 McCabe, The Story of Religious Controversy, p. 353.
8-86 Lecky, Rationalism, Vol. 1, p. 164.
8-87 Idem, Morals, Vol. 1, p. 197.
8-88 Joseph Wheless, Forgery in Christianity, p. xix.
8-89 New York Times, July 24, 1933.
8-90 Ibid., Sept. 19, 1930. See also Franklin Steiner, Religion and Roguery.
8-91 New York World, Aug. 19, 1930.
8-92 New York American, Oct. 27, 1929.
8-93 New York Journal, Oct. 12, 1931.
8-94 New York Herald Tribune, Nov. 13, 1929.
8-95 New York Sun, Aug. 18, 1931.
8-96 New York American, June 13, 1933.
8-97 New York Times, July 19, 1932.
8-98 New York Post, Jan. 9, 1930.
8-99 New York Herald Tribune, Dec. 20, 1933.
8-100 New York Times, June 24, 1938.
8-101 Truth Seeker, August, 1932.
8-102 New York World-Telegram, Apr. 19, 1932.
8-103 Ibid.
8-104 Quoted by Franklin Steiner, Religion and Roguery, p. 66.
8-105 Sneed v. Greath, 8 N.C., 309.
8-106 Court of Appeals, State of New York, 1868.
8-107 New York Journal, Apr. 22, 1935.
8-108 Westermarck, Morals, Vol. 2, p. 737.
8-109 Healy, Honesty, p. 21.
8-110 Quoted, Ibid., p. 10.
8-111 H. Hartshorne and M. A. May, Studies in Deceit, p. 27.
8-112 J. B. Miner, The Relation between Morality and Intellect, p. xx.
8-113 New York Times, Dec. 8, 1936.
8-114 New York Times, Sept. 7, 1929.
8-115 Arbitrator, July-Aug., 1943, p. 4.
8-116 New York Times, May 9, 1931.
8-117 The Church has not changed. It is still more concerned with getting the culprit "right with God" than inculcating in him a rational attitude as to his position in society and with a view to preventing further antisocial acts. For a study of religion and crime, see: Donald A. Taft, Criminology.
8-118 Westermarck, Morals, Vol. 2, p. 669.
8-119 New York Times, July 7, 1930.
8-120 Westermarck, Morals, Vol. 2, p. 736.
8-121 Ellis, The Criminal, p. 159.
8-122 Westermarck, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 736.
8-123 Ellis, op. cit., p. 159.
8-124 Westermarck, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 735.
8-125 New York World-Telegram, Sept. 8, 1941
8-126 Ibid., Oct. 10, 1941.
8-127 New York Times, Apr. 21, 1934.
The e-text conversion and critical editing of this book is copyright ©1998 by Cliff Walker. The text is watermarked. If you intend to commercialize on this book in any way, please do your own e-text conversion work. This is a labor of love, honoring the role that the works of Joseph Lewis have played in my life and in the hope that the unique presentation of Joseph Lewis's works, available only on Positive Atheism, will bring the dignity to the Positive Atheism project that only this unique presentation of the writings of Joseph Lewis can bring. We hope that our readers, supporters, friends, and others can understand and appreciate the role that this -- privilege -- of being able to present the Joseph Lewis material brings to the people who have worked so hard and sacrificed so much to make Positive Atheism's online presentation possible. |